In the 20’s, after a troubled period with cries of Khilafat,
freedom, Gandhi and so on, a large number of misguided attacks took place on
both (religious) sides of a divided Malabar. During this phase, a person held
the unenviable position of being the most hated and feared Englishman in power.
That was Richard Howard Hitchcock, the district superintendent of police,
Malabar. While his confidential accounts covering those troubled days are
reference material for today’s historian dealing with the Moplah revolts, his
life and times are hardly known to the lay Malayali. In fact other contemporary
writers like Gangadhara Menon, Brahmadattan Nambudiri, Gopalan Nair, Tottenham,
AR Knapp etc mention him briefly with references to his role in the matter, but
hardly as an individual of flesh and blood. The only place where he is described without rancor
is the Malabar Special Police website, that too in the briefest terms.
I decided to pick up this individual today because I read the
other day that the medals and effects of Hitchcock were under auction (asking
price £1400-£1800)
in England, though it is not clear if somebody picked them up. Anyway, it is
close to a hundred years since Richard came to Malabar. He may have been iron
fisted; he may have been cruel, he may have been following orders from the
Military who were in control, so as to maintain law and order. Whatever said
and done, he ended up as part of Malabar history and did add his own thread,
good or bad to the fabric of Malabar. Interestingly, nobody has covered his
character so far, I wondered why, when a number of Englishmen of his period,
good, bad and terrible have been talked about and analyzed at will! So without
further ado, let’s see what we can unearth about him from those musty old archives.
I do not promise an extensive study, but just a brief caricature based on little
data that I could unearth.
Richard Howard Hitchcock - that was his full name. He hailed
from the East Midlands area of Britain, bordering South Yorkshire. The fella
was born on 12 March 1884 at Basford - Nottinghamshire, but grew up in Fordwich
in Kent. His father Richard happened to be a Rector of Fordwich for many years
and as the auction notice indicates, there is a window commemorating the father’s
memory in the parish church. RH was educated at King's School Canterbury,
1894-1903, had been termed academically bright, and he sat for the competitive
examination to join the Imperial Indian Police coming ‘first’ in the results. As
an indication of the times, a position in British India was coveted and competition
was severe. Compared to Sandhurst where 200 places were annually available,
only 15-20 places were available per year for entry into the Indian Police.
Hitchcock got into the Indian police in 1903 and was posted to Bengal. But he was
to soon find himself in the balmy, hot and rainy land of spices, Malabar. Well,
his staid life was soon spiced up, as we know….
We see that he had been around in Malabar since the first
days of the revolt, for in 1916 he was awarded the Kings Police Medal for heading
off an uprising by the Mapillas. What was that about? We know that in 1915, KP
Kesava Menon returned from England to take up the INC leadership and lead the
home rule movement. We know also that the Malabar Tenancy association was
formed and the tenant leaders took control of the INC. So that was the start of
the organized agitation and Annie Besant had participated in the Palghat
conference. But what did Hitchcock do to get a medal? The Moplah’s at that time
apparently believed a rumor that the British were losing the war and that Turks
and Germans were coming to liberate them. Also at that point of time a Tiya boy
who was converted, got reconverted to Hinduism though that was not the cause
for what happened next. Well as it
transpired, CA Innes the collector was attacked by five people. It failed and
they took refuge in a temple near Alanellur only to be shot dead in a Special
Police Force Police retaliation. Hitchcock was involved in the quick
suppression and resolution (The special police force MSP1 was originally formed under HV Conolly in 1884). In addition two youths committed arson, pillage and murder at Pandalur and they were quickly hanged, but all this resulted in loss of public support for the British. So it is clear that he was in Malabar from the second decade of the 20th century and as Intelligence chief, had collected much information on the trouble makers.
We then see that he was involved in recruiting officers for
the English army from Malabar, around 1915. RH employed Malayali officers to recruit
a huge number of high quality men for the British army, topping the presidency polls
and was able to repeat the feat even during the rebellion, with people from both
the Hindu and Muslim sides. In the final year of the Great War, Hitchcock was
seconded to the Army and granted the temporary rank of Captain. The LG March
1918 states that as of Oct 17th he was awarded the rank of captain but without
the pay and allowances of that rank. He then helped raise the 2/73 Malabar
Battalion at Cannanore for which he was awarded the M.B.E. in 1919.
By 1919 the war had ended, there was a usual amount of
robbery and unrest in South Malabar, Ernad and Valluvanad areas. The Zamorin,
my great grandpa had passed on, and the new Zamorin was in place. My grandfather
on my mother’s side had returned from the war…Jobs were scarce, timber prices
had fallen, the Moplah population had risen, and life was not looking too rosy.
The Khilafat movement in Malabar (we will detail this
another day) was the next trigger in 1921, when all kinds of wild rumors that
Afghans were on the way (offshoot of a comment by Gandhi about foreign invasion
being welcomed) to liberate their wretched lives and help them get land,
started a frenzy.
At the end of April came the two Conferences, at Calicut and
Ottapalam. A lot of talk resulted from the latter about the collision between
the Police and some Khilafat volunteers at Ottapalam which led up to the filing
of a civil libel suit by Mr. Hitchcock against the five authors of the
non-official report and the Hindu. The sub-Judge, Calicut, decided it in favour
of Mr. Hitchcock, the defendants being ordered to pay Rs 30,000 damages to him.
The Judge recorded a finding that the assault was committed by the men of the
Special Force and that, to that extent the facts stated in the report are
true," but the charge of conspiracy was groundless.
Soon he was to be involved in what was according to the
historian Charles Townshend, ‘the most serious insurrection since the mutiny of
1857 or the Malabar Rebellion, a.k.a. Moplah revolt.
Khilafat-Non-cooperation meetings were held with increasing
frequency, and these were sometimes accompanied by incidents of violence. Some incidents
were resulting from the picketing of toddy-shops, a part of the non-cooperation
campaign that particularly appealed to Muslim sentiment. There were stories,
too, that in anticipation of Swaraj, Khilafat leaders had already parceled out
the land among poor Mappillas and were only awaiting the movement to take
actual possession.
Hitchcock sneered at all this - It was 'pure mockery,'
Hitchcock wrote, to deck the excitable Mappilla 'in the garb of a soldier and
yet tell him that he should attain his aims by spinning!!
He was a sharp guy indeed for he quickly identified the
methods used by the Moplah’s for communication. He said - Perhaps far more important than the network of the Khilafat movement,
however, was the traditional system of communications among the Mappillas,
something which constituted a major difference between the Hindu and Mappilla.
The few bazaars that exist are entirely Mappilla and most Mappillas do
congregate at least once a week for Friday prayers and often at other times in
Mosques. They can therefore form some kind of a public opinion of their own and
combine but the fact that this is done under the cover of religion makes it
difficult for Hindu or European even to become aware of it. Except at very
occasional festivals the Hindus have no such opportunity of meeting.
This was to become a source of all kinds of problems. Hitchcock
focused time and again on this problem, the mosque as a source of news and
motivation. It was to play havoc in the minds of the Moplah, who was led to believe
that their religion was under attack, while Hitchcock was trying to stop the
flow of orders to revolt and jihad and bring about peace.
In the autumn of 1921, the revolt boiled over. Late July, I92I, in the village of Pukkottur
north of Malappuram in Ernad taluk, a dispute arose between the Nilambur Raja
and a Mappilla active in the Khilafat movement. Tension grew in the village,
and on August 1, drums began to beat in the mosques of the area, and in the
course of the day, several thousand Mappillas shouting war cries, had gathered
in Pukkottur before the palace gates. The district collector EF Thomas said -
'the crowd was heard to express a desire or determination to add the heads of
Mr. Hitchcock and myself to the bag.' As you can see, Hitchcock was by now already
identified as the face of the British retaliation, for he had provided
information and local police support to precipitate the actions and was always
at the head of the physical force that confronted them, fielding European and
Malyali constables to beat them up.
Accordingly Thomas
reported to the Governor of Madras that the Moplahs were organizing a
resistance using force and that it will not be possible for the police to quell
the unrest. He requested a battalion of infantry for support together with two
companies of British troops. ET Humphreys of the Leinsters regiment came in
August and was soon joined by other officers such as CG Tottenham and AR Knapp.
They decided to act at Tirurangadi and arrest 24 or so identified persons in
connection with the unrest. By this time, Mohammed Haji was proclaimed the
Caliph of the Moplah Khilafat and flags of Islamic Caliphate were raised and
Khilafat kingdoms declared. Martial law was not introduced until three weeks
after the rising began, and then in such a diluted form that the civil
authorities retained much of the responsibility for its suppression and the
restoration of government control. The commander of the Madras Military
District, General Burnett-Stuart, had under his command a British cavalry
regiment, a brigade of Field Artillery, two British battalions, including 2nd
Dorsets and seven Indian battalions (including a battalion of Pioneers), and a
company of the Madras Sappers and Miners. Malabar.
Though the police went into a secondary role as soon as the
military took over, their conduct was not exemplary. As later enquires
revealed, many of them took advantage and TK Madhava Menon the police inspector
was dismissed. Neelakantan Nair was found to be extorting people as well and
thrown out. As they all reported to Hitchcock, he was culpable.
His moves against mosques and the Khilafat flag have been
cited as the very reasons for subsequent armed revolt, whatever be the
underlying reasons agrarian or religious motivation by Syed fazil’s
exhortations. Nevertheless we do find evidence in the many documents that first
Thomas and later Evans vacillated often and this resulted in large losses of
life and a bloody revolt. But we will study this separately when we get to the
analysis of the revolt itself and its many after effects. Hitchcock was the
British instrument, the person involved in collecting field and inside information
as the head of the CID and also partially responsible to suppress counter
insurgency, which he did effectively, looking at it from the British angle, for
within 6 months, law and order had been implemented and a sullen peace was
restored.
Hitchcock had during the revolt spearhead the formation of
the regular MSP and clarified the reasoning - the extent of the rebellion and
the spirit of the rebels soon made it obvious that a force would be required to
maintain peace after the rebellion and the value of such a force would depend
on the experience it might have in the present rebellion.
Hitchcock organized a
new Police force on the model of the British Army and this came into existence
on 30th September 1921 as Malabar Special Police-2. Hitchcock himself was the
first Commandant of M.S.P. In 1932 the strength of the force was increased to
16 companies. Thus 300 extra police were added, 12 Indian officers, and 30
NCO’s. By October all had been trained, armed and ready for field operations.
The force then comprised fully of Hindus and Christians from the Ernad and
Valluvanad areas, some from Calicut. Hitchcock also makes it clear that this
firmly dispelled the notion that Hindus would stay away from such action and
were cowardly in hostile situations. Soon enough this was increased to 600
following William Vincent’s visit and they were owing to Tottenham’s efforts -
in place by Jan 1922. The M.S.P. was equipped with magazine Lee-Enfields because
the single-shot Martini Henry rifles of the Malappuram Specials had been
disastrously ineffective against the Moplahs. Towards the end of the rising
each company was supplied with two Lewis guns to increase its fire power.
Recruitment of the first three M.S.P. companies (almost entirely from recently demobilized
Malayali sepoys) was very rapid and by November I92I they were in action)
following behind army thrusts into Moplah territory and tracking down isolated
guerrilla bands.
Underlying the development of the MSP as a striking force
was the belief prevalent in government and army circles that the Malayalis of
the west coast were the finest fighting material in the presidency and were in
great demand to stiffen Tamil and Telugu forces.
If you were to dispassionately read the reports of Hitcock,
you will realize the seriousness in which they were written, and though many
say this was very biased, does remain an account recorded with little malice or
partiality. He holds the people he dealt with, both Muslims and Hindus in the
right level of respect though often viewing them from a higher plane, wearing
glasses with a British tint. He has done a serious amount of introspection and
analysis and I would at no time call him a fanatical suppressor of the people
involved and one who acted with utter contempt of the masses, like Gen Dyer at Jalianwala
Bagh. In fact I found him as a man who did his job, ruthlessly, clinically and
well, perhaps with a “Himmler bent”. But it is a matter widely known that the
smooth working of martial law was largely due to Messrs Evans and Hitchcock.
A British report explains - It has already been noted that the special police working under the Martial
Law commander gave a very good account of themselves. Its company commanders
were C.G.Tottenham, l.M.Farser, King Colebrook, Charsley and Bayzand. Elliot
and Bishop also worked with the troops during the martial law period, but the
services of Mr Hitchcock stood apart as altogether exceptional. With his unique
local knowledge and splendid devotion to duty, he might be truly said to have
been the mainspring of the suppression of the rebellion both as the Chief
Intelligence officer of the martial Law Commander and as the superintendent of
Police after the abrogation of the martial law. The magnitude of the devastation
caused by the rebellion can be seen from the fact that, during its progress, 19
Police stations had been sacked, 8 revenue officers including sub treasuries
looted, 10 sub registrar’s offices destroyed and 16 post-offices pillaged. The
destruction of village office, travelers’ bungalows and bridges was terrific.
Railway lines and stations also did not escape the hands of rebels.
But then those were turbulent times and it is not really
possible to be impartial in a period of Martial law. Everybody had cross
purposes. Today when we see the revolt through words, it is not possible to
realize the pain, suffering, fear, revulsion and so on that the witnesses and
participants went through. So from that angle, Hitchcock was at the inflicting
end and the only one seen by the masses, leading the armed constabulary. And that
resulted in him getting the brunt of the blame.
In November 1921 Hitchcock was involved in the 'Moplah Train
Tragedy'. Hitchcock was the police officer who ordered the transportation of
Moplah prisoners in an enclosed wagon, during which 70 prisoners died in a
terrible fashion. The subsequent enquiry found that the deaths were due to a
defect of the van (painted mesh which prevented air from coming in) but also
that that Hitchcock and Evans (the civilian in joint charge of the operation)
failed to exercise proper supervision of the vans containing the prisoners.
Police and railway officials of lesser rank were found guilty of culpable
negligence.
However it should also be noted that Sgt Andrews had
previous experience in this kind of transportation and had transported 112
people once in a luggage wagon without problems. In this case the air vents
were painted over and that was the reason for the deaths. Nevertheless the
escorts should have taken care of the prisoners and their wellbeing, in general
terms. That one event destroyed his name, in posterity.
Mr. Hitchcock's
Responsibility as concluded by the Knapp report.
We have considered
whether some part of the indirect responsibility would fall on Mr. Hitchcock,
It is not certain that he was present at the first selection of a van, but we
have it on his own statement that he did witness and take part in the despatch
of prisoners on September 3 and saw no reason to object to the arrangements
made. The actual care of prisoners during their journey and responsibility for
their safe delivery at their destination lay upon the Police and to this extent
at least it was for Mr. Hitchcock to see that the arrangements made for their
transport wore safe and satisfactory. But the obscurity arising from the
Martial Law arrangements is again found here, for Mr. Hitchcock and his force
were themselves under the orders of the Military Commander, We shall not,
however, labour this technical point. Mr. Hitchcock having been continuously
employed from the beginning of September with the troops in active warfare with
the rebels, it would be unreasonable to expect that he would have had time or
opportunity to give personal attention to the local arrangements at Tirur.
After he left, a Hitchcock Memorial was erected at Mongam – Evans
outlived him and oversaw the inauguration of the memorial. The police training
college was named the Hitchcock Police School, Malappuram. The memorial statue in Malappuram was removed
after popular protest after 1936. See note below
It looks like he moved to Salem in Coimbatore district as
DIG. Not much more is known about him as a person and no accounts can be seen
of a family with him or outliving him. We note that he was a keen hockey player
at Calicut and played for the ‘Early closers’. We also note that during the
latter half of July, at a very critical juncture, Mr Hitchcock was not in the Calicut
district, but at Coonoor undergoing treatment for dog-bite.
In June 1922 he was awarded the C.l.E and was also made a
Member of the British Empire. Hitchcock eventually died of a perforated ulcer
on 31 August 1926, aged 42 years, whilst on home leave in Tunbridge Wells. A
memorial was erected to his memory at Vizagapatum.
After the rebellion, the Malabar Special Police was not
allowed to rest on its laurels. Its fame as experts in guerilla warfare spread.
When a similar rebellion broke out in the Gudem Hills in the Vizagapatam Agency,
the local reserves could not make any headway and the Government wisely thought
of utilizing the Malabar Special to put down the insurrection in preference to
a martial-law administration.
References
Mappila Muslims of Kerala – Roland E MillerThe Moplah rebellion and its genesis – Conrad Wood
The Mappilla Rebellion, 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar: Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr.
The Mappilla Outbreaks: Ideology and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Kerala Stephen F. Dale
The Moplah Rebellion 1921 – C Gopalan Nair
Khilafat Smaranakal- Brahmadattan Nambudiri
Jividhakatha –Moyarath Sankaran Nambiar
Malabar Kalapam – Madhavan nair
MP Narayana Menon – MPS Menon
Peasant revolt in Malabar: a history of the Malabar rebellion, 1921– RH Hitchcock
See Historic alleys – Wagon tragedy articles 1 and 2
Notes
My friend Premnath provides the following additional information
Please find below the photo of the memorial for the fallen Policemen (MSP) during the Mopla Rebellion, inside the old Dist Police Office near Mananchira.It is also known as Hitchcock memorial.This was in Malapuram and was shifted to Calicut due to public opinion against this in Malapuram
 |
| Hitchcock memorial reinstalled at Calicut DPO - Photo provided by Premnath Murkoth |
16 comments:
The Hitch cock memorial was shifted from Malppuram to the Police commissioners office[then DSP] office in calicut.It is still there well cared for
Thanks Premnath
I was not aware of that. Next time I have to go and take a look. I was under the impression that this was the memorial shifted to Vizag...
Wagon tragedy was indeed very brutal.Nothing can ease the inhuman act.
thanks premnath
that is right, no doubt about that
Let me know more details about hitchcock and mongam triangle gang ?
Thanks Irshad
check this book, you will get more details
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023929700/cu31924023929700_djvu.txt
good information's
thanks
Where shall I get the Hitchcock report
Hi Srilatha,
it is difficult to source, perhaps check your nearest university library.
rgds
Malabar congraaa sabaha 1920 held at manjeri april
Sir, is it still there ? Is the statue still present there ?
Guess it is still there, not sure
ഞാനും അത് തപ്പിവന്നതാണ്, from mongam
I have a photograph in this connection along with my great grandfather Manavikraman Kittunni Raja who was the Zamorin during 1915-1928.
Richard statue lay down at MSP camp near parade ground
can i get any photos/more details pls ?
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