The Renegade Portuguese Moplah Corsair - Dom Pedro Rodrigues
Posted by Labels: Ali Marakkar, Dom Pedro Rodrigues, Kunjali cousin, Marakkars of Malabar
A story of Revenge, Ali
Marakkar
March 1600 – The Kunjali IV had just surrendered to the
Zamorin. Andre Furtado reneging on his agreement, dragged Kunjali away, while
the Zamorin’s Nair cohorts tried to fight off the Portuguese, but failed.
Kunjali and 40 of his people were spirited away to Goa and put into a tronquo,
a trial was speedily conducted and Kunjali was sentenced to death in spite of
the terms of his surrender which were that his life would be spared. The
padre’s at Goa tried hard to have him converted before his killing, but they
failed. Finally he was executed in a French style guillotine and his body was
later quartered and exhibited in the beaches of Panjim and Badrez. His salted head
was sent off to Cannanore for exhibition.
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| Corsair boats |
The matter should have ended there, but as it often happens,
it did not. On one hand the Zamorin found that the Dutch VOC would perhaps help
him unseat the Portuguese. They were already pouncing on Portuguese shipping on
the high seas and the losses were becoming serious. And on the other hand there was
the case of one Dom Pedro who single-handedly went against the Franks. I had
mentioned him briefly in a previous article, but he deserved a more detailed
study. In fact I think he was a more
effective counter on the Portuguese in their dying years, perhaps even sounding their death knell, compared to some of his predecessors who
received and continue to get much of the acclaim, as oppressors of the franks.
Dom Pedro was first noticed by Pyrard Laval. You may recall
that Pyrard had been imprisoned by the Portuguese in Cochin and later moved to
Goa, in irons, first to a hospital and thence to a tronquo (civil prison). He
saw the lad Dom Pedro whom he presumed to have Castilian (Spanish) origins and
a certain amount of honesty, since he offered to compensate the prisoners their
allowance which had been stolen by his fellow officers. Pyrard had in his
detailed description of the prisons, explained how corrupt the Portuguese in
Goa were. As Pyrard recounts, Dom Pedro later got into a fight with a local and
killed him, and was forced to go back to Spain. The next parts of Dom Pedro’s
story are a mystery, for Pyrard does not mention him anymore, implying that he
has returned to Spain, in a voyage which Pyrard himself had taken in 1609. But
well, as it turned out he was not a Spaniard, but a Marakkar, the dead Kunjali
IV’s cousin.
Let’s now flash back to a 1581 conflict where a boy of 13,
stated to be a cousin of Kunjali IV was captured by Don Furtado off Cardiva.
This boy, as is recorded, by virtue of his noble birth, received some measure
of consideration. He was subsequently baptized, and in recognition of his high standing
given the name of Dom Pedro Rodrigues. He was then married off to a Portuguese
orphan and given a job, he did not work like the rest of the convicts, but was
placed in command over a squad of prisoners. All the same, he was in chains, and
this was the person whom Pyrard Laval met in Goa in 1608 or so. As fate would
have it, as the story goes, the very same Dom Pedro had to witness the
beheading of his own cousin, Kunjali Marakkar in 1600.
One fine day, when the demons in his brain would not leave
him in peace any longer, Dom Pedro scooted away from Goa in a small boat with
his family and headed for Ponnani where his kinsmen lived. They quickly rallied
around him and gave him a new name, Ali Marakkar. By 1618, he had built up a
fighting force of 5 war paroes manned by Moplahs from Malabar and the Konkan.
Supported indirectly by the Dutch and the Zamorin, this new foe harassed the
Portuguese ships, even blockaded Goan ports and troubled them no end. It is
also mentioned that he sailed to Ceylon, to the Tanadiva Island to be precise and
murdered the two Franciscan priests who had converted him as a child and to add salt to the wounds, also spirited away the cattle from the quay of elephants off the Forcados Island.
Before that let’s double back and take a look at some descriptions
of the Malabar Corsair and his abode in North Malabar. It is written fancifully
that that the Malabar Sea coast with its many small harbors and lagoons which favored
trade in ancient times, also sheltered the little vessels of the Malabar
corsairs, who harried commerce in the Indian Ocean from the days of Pliny and
Marco Polo until the British period.
Ever
wondered how a marakkar or moplah seaman looked like in those days? Corsair
attacks on Portuguese vessels have been written about often and a description of
the Marakkar Moplah corsair by Pyrard Laval would be interesting- The Malabar merchants are recognized by
their dress, and not otherwise; for while both merchants and corsairs usually
carry arms, the merchants do not wear their hair long; they have a bonnet of
red scarlet, in the form of a skull-cap, and most frequently a kerchief wound
round it in the fashion of a turban, and called Mondow"; these kerchiefs
are of gold embroidery and colored silk. They wear the beard half shaved, but
without moustaches. Also they have a little skirt of silk or cotton reaching
three finger lengths below the waist, and below that a cloth down to the knees.
Then they have other pretty kerchiefs wherein they tie up and conceal their
money. It is the habit of these merchants, as well as those of the Maldives and
other places, to carry everything with them when they go to sea, both their
petty baggage and their beds for sleeping on, for they will never sleep on
other folk's beds if they can help it. The corsairs wear their hair long like
women, and never cut it; they tie it in a bunch, like all the other Indians,
and cover it with one of these pretty kerchiefs; they go quite naked, except
that they are covered with a silk cloth as far as the knees, and have another
handkerchief round the waist. All the Malabars, as well corsairs as merchants,
carry knives with hafts and sheaths of silver—that is, such as can afford it;
these are all beautifully fitted with little pendants, such as toothpicks,
earpicks, and other instruments. The corsairs wear the beard shaved, but never
shave over the mouth nor the moustaches: these they wear like the Turks, in
such wise that some have moustaches so long that they tie them behind the head.
All the Malabars are covered with thick hair over the stomach and elsewhere;
they wear no slippers.
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| Malabar Moplah - Old Portuguese depiction |
Their women are dressed
like the other natives, and wear nothing upon their hair; they carry a quantity
of gold earrings and rings and trinkets on their fingers and toes. They have a little light jacket of cotton down to the waist, and another silk or
cotton cloth which reaches from the waist down to the feet. They go barefooted,
and are very fair in complexion, and most of them are short of stature: the men
are of middle height. The women are pretty, and addicted to licentious
practices like the other Indian women, but not to the same extent as in other
places. When they find a stranger at one of these Malabar corsairs' ports, who
is willing to go to the wars with them, they feed and maintain him all the
winter, him and his wife, for they marry as soon as they settle awhile in any
place. They engage in good time some soldiers and Moucois at high wages, which
they advance to them to bind the bargain. When they are ready for the fray they
take some betel, and some Amfian or poppy juice, which most of the Indians use.
They take this betel and amfian, or afeon, and swear fidelity thereupon. After
making a prize, and before coming ashore, they search every man on board and
the whole ship. The captain and chief men lay hands on everything, and account
conscientiously to the owner of the galiot or pados. It is incredible the
fatigues these fellows will undergo at sea, and how they endure hunger and
thirst. They have plenty of cannon and other arms; but of money and other
valuables they carry with them not so much as five sols' worth: all that they
leave on shore. As soon as they have taken a prize they come in to discharge,
and return to sea at once, if there seems a likelihood of other booty; if not,
they remain at home for that year and consume the produce of their theft and
rapine for the next six months.
Marco Polo mentions that there issued annually "a body
of upwards of one hundred vessels, who captured other ships and plundered the
merchants." He alludes to the
Moplahs forming what they called a ladder on the sea, by stationing themselves
in squadrons of twenty, about five miles from each other, so as to command as
great an extent of water as possible. But in the old Venetian's day, the
corsairs appear to have been by no means so sanguinary as they afterwards
became. He expressly states, that when the pirates took a ship, they did no
injury to the crew, but merely said to them, "Go and collect another
cargo, that we may have a chance of getting it too."
A little background to Portuguese Ceylon would also be in
order. The Portuguese had been present there since 1505 and thriving with
elephant and Cinnamon trade. They entrenched themselves in Sitawake Kingdom of
Kotte upon Dharmapala's death in 1597, as usual playing one against the other.
Direct Portuguese rule inside the island did not begin until after the death of
Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir. He had bequeathed the Kingdom of
Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580. By 1600 the Portuguese had
consolidated after quelling many local rebellions. An invasion in 1591,
undertaken at the instigation of Christian missionaries, succeeded in installing
a Portuguese protégé at Jaffna. Soon they had virtual control of the island
except for the Central and eastern parts which were under the reign of Vimala
Dharma Surya, who went against them when the Portuguese tried to capture Kandy.
Soon he routed them and married Dona Catherina whom the Portuguese were trying
to implant as their queen in Kandy. To defeat and control the Portuguese he
needed to control the seas and for that, he needed the support of the Dutch.
This was the scene when Dom Pedro came by. The Kandyans were trying to woo the
Dutch and later the Danes. The Jaffna king was trying to get the Portuguese out
by requesting the Zamorin for support, who if you recall was also aligned with
Mayudane much earlier.
As history would have it, the appearance of a Malabar fleet
was to attract the Portuguese military presence to the northern kingdom with
devastating results as you will soon read. Mendonca had been sent to Malabar owing
to the presence of a Kunjali admiral of the Zamorin of Calicut in 1591 and now
in March 1619 the presence of his cousin, a baptized Christian named Dom Pedro
Rodriguez, raised the alarm in Portuguese Ceylon.
Dom Pedro Rodriguez, this cousin of the last Kunjali, appeared
off Jaffna with five armed vessels, presumably at the request of Cankili 2, the
last ruler of Jaffna, to inflict great damage on Portuguese shipping. I had
provided some details when I wrote about Kunjali’s revenge many years ago and
more recently about Chinali. Let us now rake out some of the details of Ali
Marakkar’s exploits which should have been a subject of legend in Malabar.
Regrettably it is not so, for most people wrongly assumed that the fight went
out with the demise of Kunjali IV.
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| Delft Island fort |
Danvers who outlined his fearless exploits explains that Dom
Pedro, took possession of the islands of De las Vacas and Tristao Golayo. The
Las vacas islands or island of cows is incidentally a small island twenty miles
south-west of Jaffna in the Palk Strait (called Meekaman or Nedunthivu by the
natives). The Portuguese subsequently named it das Vacas, and the Dutch who
followed them renamed it Delft and the fort there is particularly striking. It
is a very strongly fortified two-storied dwelling, covering an area about fifty
square yards, with a double centre wall of immense thickness. This wall
completely cuts the Fort in half at ground-level, the only means of
communication being on the first floor-a common precautionary measure in
defensive structures of that period. As a result, it is a very complicated
edifice, full of long narrow and little square rooms.
Dom Constantino had arrived at Colombo in 1619, to beef up the
undisciplined Portuguese troops and head the attacks on Mayadunna. The attack
results in the involvement of the prince of Uva and a setback for the
Portuguese but they managed to beat Maydanne in the mountains. He then decides
to take the attack to Chankili II and his Tanjore mercenaries and face them off
at wannar ponnani. It was in the midst of all this turmoil that Dom Pedro made his
appearance.
Dom Constantino de Sa sent out a force consisting of forty
galliots, which joined eighteen other smaller vessels at Manar from Colombo, to
put a stop to this Dom Pedro’s aggressions, These proceeded, under the command
of Vitorio de Abreu, to the island of Golayo, where Abreu was informed by two
blacks he found there that the five paraos had gone to some place nearby for
ammunition, and that before they returned he might possess himself of goods to
the value of 60,000 ducats that had been left there in a house by Dom Pedro.
He, however, doubting the truth of this information, took no action in the
matter, but waited for the return of the paraos, which he engaged, but was
defeated, losing twelve of the eighteen small vessels and 300 men killed,
besides several who were taken prisoners, of whom he himself was one. During
this fracas Dom Pedro’s men occupied the ilhas da vacas and seized its fort.
Ali Marakkar’s exploits continued through 1619 with Felippe
de Oliveira reporting in July that these 5 paros had entered the coast of Mannar
at the insistence of Chankali. When the locals frantically called on the
Portuguese high command for help, Constantino de Sa sent two galliots and 40
vessels commanded by Vitorio de Abreu. They were decimated by Ali Marakkar and
his men, but Felippe reported home that they lost the battle due to the many
sins they had committed and that this was god’s punishment coupled by
disorderly movement and contrary winds.
We can see confirmation from another report that Dom Pedro
had seized the vantage fort at Ilhas das vacas (Cow Island) and was laying a siege
on Portuguese shipping. Fearing that Dom Pedro might cast his sights next on
Portuguese Ceylon, Felippe de Oliveira was deputed next to attack Dom Pedro at
Jaffna. As matters would have it, Dom Pedro seized 12 out of the 18 tonis
(Malayalam for boat), killed 300 men and enslaved the rest including the
captain Victorio de Abreu.
The Portuguese decided that for safety sake, their ships
would now be sent out only as convoys or cafilas comprising 300-400 small
vessels. The Malabar fleet powerful now, sometimes blockaded the Goa ports, and
even captured many ships off these convoys, as many as 30-40 in one swoop. Dom
Pedro attacked these Portuguese merchant fleets with abandon, even though
traveling in convoy and took one of the vessels with little opposition. The
merchants of Nagapatnam desired the goods recovered, but the scared Portuguese refused
to make the attempt. Interestingly, a Spanish fly boat happening to pass by retook
the cargo vessel without difficulty, demonstrating how laid back the Portuguese
were by this time.
The Portuguese were a hard pressed lot those days (the fury
of the oncoming monsoons were another reason) and mainly beset by a lack of
funds, suffered these attacks silently. By 1619 Ali Marakkar had surpassed all
his Kunhali predecessors in not only destroying ships but also hundreds of
Portuguese soldiers, with just his 5 paros, a lot of bravery and some merry
men.
By June 1619, there
were two Portuguese expeditions: a naval expedition that was repulsed by the
Malabari corsairs and another expedition by Filipe de Oliveira and his 5,000
strong land army which was able to inflict defeat on Cankili II. Cankili, along
with every surviving member of the royal family were captured and taken to Goa,
where he was hanged to death. The remaining captives were encouraged to become
monks or nuns in the holy orders, and as most obliged, it avoided further
claimants to the Jaffna throne. Chankili 2’s reign which had been secured
with military forces from the Thanjavur Nayaks and Malabari Corsairs came crashing
down. He was defeated by the Portuguese in 1619 and was taken to Goa and
hanged. With his death the Aryacakravarti line of Kings who had ruled the
kingdom for over 300 years came to an end.
The Portuguese reported thus - Changili refused to pay tribute, and rejected all friendship with the
Portuguese, and making the king his master unite with the enemies of Europe, he
called to his aid the Badaguas, idolaters, a barbarous race who inhabit the
country within the kingdom of Bisnaga from the Malabar Coast on one side and
the Paravar on the other. They were the enemies of all, and especially of the
Christians, cruel by nature, robbers by profession, and living on what they
could steal. These, joined with the Naigue of Tanjaor, who was also their
neighbour, were twice defeated and driven from the Island (on this occasion by
Constantino de Sa on his way to the relief of Jafanapatan); but not before the
Captain Philip de Oliveira had utterly routed and taken Changili with the blind
king and some of his family.
Dom Pedro disappeared as mysteriously as he appeared after
this 1619 surge and it is believed that Ali Marakkar settled down in the
Maldives islands with his slaves and booty. You may recall that the Maldives
was always a transshipment point for the marakkar businessmen of Tamilakam, Cochin
and Cannanore (see my Mammali Marakkar article under references) a stronghold
of the Mammali marakkar and a locale always frequented by Marakkar traders. By
this time the Dutch were already on the ascent, the Portuguese sort of let go
of control over the Maladives and the reign of Shuja Imaduddin, to the rulers
of Cannanore. Let’s now ponder on a possibility, did Dom Pedro spend time
originally in Maldives? Was he the brother of Dom Joao the converted king of Maldives?
People who have studied Maldive history would note that this Dom Joao and Dom Pedro
were imprisoned in Goa in 1597 but treated well. Maybe, maybe not….
The ghost of Kunjali as he was more popularly known,
vanished thus into the mists off the seas near Male….
References
Essays in Goan history – Teotonio R. de Souza
The voyage of Fracois Pyrard de Laval – Albert Gray
The Portuguese in India - Frederick Charles Danvers
The Kunjalis – admirals of Calicut – OK Nambiar
8 comments:
wow..excellent so informative .. thanks a lot for your hard work in historical research .
Thanks Soorya...
Wish somebody knew what happened to Dom Pedro after he sailed off to Male..
Great piece Maddy.Interesting that the Marrakar tradition lived on after Kunhali IV. Regrettable that the "brown water" naval tradition that existed in coastal India and kept European powers at arms length, was not developed into "blue water" capability. Had that happened, the history of the sub-continent may have been different. That "blue water" capability remains a work-in-progress to this day.
Thanks vijay..
I dont think India ever had any blue water plans. For a long time we imported the ships UK or Russian at such huge costs and the indigenous development has not kept up, i guess...
The islands associated with Dom Pedro:
A lot of confusion is thrown around by the numerous place names you come across,when you read about Dom Pedro..
Dom Pedro was captured when he was 13, during a battle off Cardiva where Kutti Musa was defeated by André Furtado.This place has been identified as Portugal Bay,Kalpitiya , Puttalam district.
Dom Pedro took possession of the islands of (1)De las Vacas and occupied its fort in 1619.
Portuguese-Ilha das Vacas (Island of the cows)
Dutch-Delft
Tamil-Neduntheevu
Sinhala-Tanni divayina
The most popular name of this island is Delft island
(2)island of Tristaõ Golayo.....
Portuguese:Cais dos Elefantes(Elephant wharf).Also known as Tanadiva in Portuguese records.
Dutch:Kayts
Tamil:Urkavarturai
Sinhala:Kayits
Kayts is a part of the Velanai Island situated off the coast of the Jaffna Peninsula.Often the whole island is referred to by the name of the prominent place-Kayts
It was also known as the island of Tristan Golayo de Castlebranco-a Portuguese casado merchant of Santhome(Mylapore).Galley slaves were kept in this island
thanks dr Sabu..
for the connected explanations, they help a lot
Sir, can you do malayalam translation of this story🙏
GREAT InformatioN!!!
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